You Can Be Seen But Not Heard - A Surveillance Legal Issue

These premises are under video surveillance. Convenience stores post this no nonsense warning at their front doors. Banks who display a height chart at their exit door are indirectly issuing the same warning. This conversation may be recorded for training purposes. Most if not all companies and utilities issue this warning before connecting a customer to a representative. Surveillance is a given these days. We tend to view the camera warnings as intended to warn the "bad guys", while the recording notice is for "the rest of us." However some people protest that recording any conversation is unconstitutional and violates our rights as stated in the Fourth Amendment: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. This provision was ratified by Congress and added to the U.S. Constitution on December 15, 1791. Over the years, its scope has been the target of arguments and interpretations in courts high and low all the way to The Supreme Court. But two hundred and ten years later the events of one day, September 11, 2001 blunted resistance to surveillance literally over night.Go into any airport, parking garage, parking lot, building lobby, elevator, store, hospital, park, you name it, you're being filmed. It's impossible to venture out in 2012 without your presence being documented on someone's surveillance tape. Washington DC, among other locales, is in the midst of creating a city wide surveillance system, consolidating and integrating more than 5,000 cameras already deployed independently by multiple district entities. When completed nearly 5.6 million people will be monitored daily. The post-9/11 era has provided fertile ground for the development of more sophisticated, more affordable systems. Sales of IP video surveillance systems are on the rise. IMS Research reports that 2010 sales grew by 10% over the previous year, with the network video surveillance market growing almost three times as fast as the total surveillance market. Yet let us not forget that while this shift in our sensitivity has been cultural, it has not been legal. One question needs to be asked. In our heightened vigilance against terrorism and crime, are we undermining privacy rights? Are we out and out breaking the law? While the attitude toward video recording falls into the category of laissez faire, the same cannot be said of audio recording. Systems integrators need to stop and think about this as well. Audio recordings fall under the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986. The ECPA, an amendment to Title lll of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (the Wiretap Act) extends restrictions on wiretaps beyond phone calls to include electronic data transmissions. As written, it protects wire, oral, and electronic communications as they are being made, are in transit, or when they are stored on computers. It applies to email, telephone conversations, and data stored electronically. So how does this apply in daily life? As mentioned before, in most municipalities, if you leave your house you're going to end up on a video recording somewhere, and that's that. But any conversation you may be having is still considered private. For the most part, business owners are okay if they display camera warning signs but the same is not true when it comes to audio recording. They can videotape all they want, but they are on thin ice when it comes to audio recording. Federal law permits very few exceptions to the rule. This brings up the question of that taping warning you hear while on hold awaiting customer service. What of it? State laws cover the recordings of telephone conversations and this is where it becomes complicated. Each state has its own particular wording but it boils down to the need for one party or two party consent.  

• One party consent requires the recording party to inform the other party that she is being recorded.
• Two party consent goes one step further and requires the recorded party to give consent.

  Thirty eight states and the District of Columbia are one party states while twelve states, California, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Washington require both parties to consent. Under ether law if a person stays on the line it is implied consent. To further complicate a complicated issue, audio is not a problem if it is not being recorded. Let's take the situation where a video camera with audio capability is used to monitor entrance to a locked facility. In this scenario an intercom with a call button is located at an electronically locked door. Both the button and the intercom are connected to an IP camera. When the button is pushed a signal on a dedicated computer sounds and the video from the entrance camera is displayed on its monitor. The security guard has a conversation with the visitor, and after verifying his right to enter, pushes a release button that unlocks the door. In most cases the audio is not recorded. Some software has the capacity to tie all this together, display the video, record it on tap, as well as allow the person at the computer to record the conversation should he so choose. However the issue is so complex that many manufacturers are loath to even offer audio recording capability. End-users are wise to remember that if they record audio there is the possibility that they may face legal issues and integrators should keep in mind they may be implicated as well. Seeking legal advice before hand might be a wise precaution.

Virginia Fair is a content marketer and blogger at Kintronics, Inc, a designer of IP camera surveillance systems Kintronics engineers solutions tailor made to fit each clients's security needs. Visit http://www.kintronics.com/neteye/neteye.html for more information.